Kant 1724-1804
Kant moved philosophy beyond rationalism and empiricism and he mixed the two theories together.
Kant believed you can know facts through the senses whilst knowing the facts about the form it takes apriori. (agnostic approach)
In comparison, Descartes believed that predicate of thinking is existence ('I think, therefore I am') however, Kant believed existence is not the predicate and existence is not caused by anything else.
'Critique of pure reason' (1781) -Kant's most influential work
Analytic propositions: from the law of contradiction 'a tall man is a man' - if you said a tall man isn't a man it would be contradictory - the predicate is part of the subject.
Synthetic propositions: knowledge through experience.
Empirical propositions: knowledge through the senses.
A priori proposition: established through experience and becomes certain. 2+2=4 would be one - through experience.
Hume believed in coincidence BUT Kant says if this is true then science is impossible.
Hume believed you should doubt everything..
Synthetic Analytic Synthesis.
Hegel 1770-1831
Hegel was a historian - he believed history has a purpose and God is working through history towards euphoria.
He believed change is always the only constant and the universal soul is the giest (the universe must have a giest to persist)
History has a form known as the thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis.
In terms of civilisation it would go as follows - Greece: thesis (at the start)
Middle ages: anti - thesis
The Renaissance: synthesis
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After conflict - reformation
Hegel believed this cycle was to achieve a perfect state - also called - ORGANIC STATE
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thesis - anti - thesis - conflict - synthesis
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